1
The project must be written in good
English/required language.
2
It should be typed using double line
spacing on A4 paper except for drawing and maps for which there may not be
restriction.
3
The size of the font size should be 12
in times new roman style.
4
The typing must be on one side of the
paper.
5
The margin on each sheet shall not be
less than 18mm on the left-hand side, 13mm on the right, 25mm at the top and
13mm at the bottom.
6
The colour of binding will depend on the
department requirement.
7
The title and name must be written on
cover page with surname first follow by other names in full.
PRELIMINARIES
AND CONTENTS ARRANGEMENT
All pages of
bound project shall be numbered except the title page which is page one.
(i)
The page number shall be written in the center on the bottom of each page. Roman numerals (lower case) shall be used
for all preliminary pages and Arabic numbering as from the first page of the
actual project.
(ii)
The project shall contain all or some of
the following materials arranged in the
following order:
(a)
Title
(b)
Certificate
(c)
Certification duly signed by the
Supervisor
(d) Acknowledgment (s)
(e)
Table of Contents
(f)
List of Tables
(g)
List of figures
(h)
List of plates (if any)
(i)
Abstract
(j)
Introduction
(k)
Main body of project
(l)
Conclusion/Recommendation
(m)
List of References and Bibliography
(n)
Appendixes such as Field books,
Computation sheets, Plan etc.
Title
The
first unnumbered page after the fly leaf shall bear the full title of the
project, the full names of the author, the Department and Faculty to which the
project is submitted and Month and the year of submission of the project. All letters
of the title name of the author shall be capitalized (Surname first, First name
and other name).
Acknowledgment
The acknowledgment of the aids given by others to the author during the execution
of the project shall follow the certification by supervisor.
Table of Contents
This
shall contain the content of the project starting from the title page and
indicating the first page of the items listed 1 (ii) above.
List of Tables
A
complete list of the tables to which references have been made in the text of
the project shall be given.
List of figures
A
complete list of figures indicating titles and pages where they appear should
be given serially.
Abstract
Each
project shall have a short abstract of not more than 500 words. The abstract, shall
conform to the following format.
·
Introduction/ Objectives: A brief
statement of what the project is all about; specific objectives
·
Methodology: Field work i.e. collection
of primary and secondary data; Method of data analysis (computation).
·
Result
·
Conclusion
Introduction
The
introduction shall depending on the type of project contain among other things,
a definition of problem/scope of the project including the objectives, relevant
literature review and conceptual basis of the project and methodology. The
introductory section is commonly denoted to such matters as (a) the background
to the study (b) the aim and objectives of the project (c) the scope of the
project (d) definitions of basic terms (e) importance of the project etc.
Methodology/Procedures
This
is the section that deals with how the data was collected and analyzed.
Main body of the project
Mainly
it contains all or some of the following:
(a)
Planning
(b)
Data Acquisition
(c)
Data Processing and Analysis
(d)
Presentation of the results (soft and
hard)
However,
the form of presentation may vary with the subject matter and the project type.
Conclusion
and Recommendations
The
chapter on conclusion is usually the last in a book or report. When taken along
with recommendations, it is the last part of the main report. If the project
has been carried out diligently and logically in consonance with the stated
objectives, then by the time the results are presented and discussed,
conclusions should be easy to draw.
The
conclusion section is prepared by collecting the important elements of the
results section. The chapter is usually conducted with a statement of list of
recommendations based on the result of the project.
List of References and Bibliography
These
shall be prepared in the alphabetical order of the authors surnames.
References: This is the
list of the works (books, journals etc) cited in the report.
Bibliography: A list of
works (books, journals etc) not cited rather a list of sources generally
consulted.
CITATION OF REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC
STYLE
Citation in the text
The
style used shall be vary from one discipline to another. It is however
important that the author should maintain a consistent style throughout the
project.
METHOD OF CITING ACCORDING TO THE FORMAT
OF GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION FOR ALL DISCIPLINES
Books, Pamphlets and Reports
The
following order of referencing is recommended for books, pamphlets and reports.
Name(s)
of author(s), editor(s) Author’s surname, followed by initials.
(a)
Year of publication
(b)
Full title, including sub-title. This
shall be written exactly as the original in wording and publication. There
shall be no translation of title from one language to another. All generic
names of plants and animals shall be underlined.
(c) Name(s) of publisher(s).
(d) Place of publication, in the language of
publication.
(e) Number of volumes, if more than one; or
number of pages if the book is in one volume.
Works by Two or More Authors
Works
by two or more authors are entered under the two or three names in the order in
which they occur on the title page. The Initials of the authors mentioned are
inserted (see example below). In the case of three or more authors, the word
‘and’ is inserted between the names of the last two authors.
Example:
Fadahunsi,
J.T. and Awoniyi, I.A. (2003) Basic Principle in Surveying Longman,
Lagos.pp32-37
Moran,
J. M. Morgan, M. D. and Wiersma J. H. (1980) Introduction to Remote Sensing
Freeman Ltd Ibadan.
Part of Books, Pamphlets and Reports
Articles
in Encyclopedic Works
References
to articles in encyclopedic works to a single volume in a set, or to single
chapters in a book shall have the following order:
(a) Author(s) of the articles or chapter
(b) Title of the article or chapter
(c) Title of the whole work
(d) Imprint of the whole work
(e) Numbers of pages.
References
to articles in encyclopedias, biographies, dictionaries, yearbooks and almanacs
shall be brief, omitting the editor, publisher and place of publication. But
including the number of the edition, the volume number and the date of the volume
cited.
Example:
Campbell,
C. J. Ecuador, (1999) in the Encyclopedia of World Regional Geography, Part 1
pp 261- 290.
Specific
References to Articles in Periodicals and Newspapers
In
references to articles in periodicals, the following essential information
shall be given in the order shown.
(a) Author’s surname, followed by initials
(b) Date, for scientific work only and in
parenthesis;
(c) Title of article
(d) Name of periodical in full and underlined.
(e) Place of publication in the language of
the periodicals.
(f) Volume number of the periodical (in Arabic
numerals), and issue number, if any. Where both are used, the issue number is
in parenthesis.
(a) Pages of the articles.
(b) Month and year of issue of the periodical,
in the language of the periodical.
Example:
Ogunkoya
E. O. O. (1986a) Quality of base flow as an aquifer yield in the basement comex
area of Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Management.
London, 22, 291-300.
Osagbae
E. (1995) The Ogoni Uprising: Oil
Politics, Minority Agitation and the Future of the Nigerian State African
Affairs. Vol. 94 pp. 325-344.
The
case of a reference with multiple authors, the name of the first author shall
be used to determine alphabetical order.
Bibliographies
In
addition to one of the two methods of citing and arranging references
recommended above, it is necessary to collate all at the end of the project. As
s rule, this section of the work may be arranged as follows:
(a) Alphabetically by author;
(b) Serially as cited in the thesis or as
numbered;
(c) Classified by subject;
(d) By form of publication.
(i) Figures
Every
figure (graphics, charts, histograms, maps etc) included in the main body of
the project shall be numbered and suitable self-explanatory title of the figure
given below the figure on the same page. Labeling must be clear and accurate,
scales and keys to maps must be clearly indicated by any of their accepted methods.
Units of measurement shall be indicated. The word figure shall be abbreviated
to fig followed by the number of the figures.
(ii) Tables
Each
table shall be numbered and shall have a suitable heading which must be
self-explanatory. The word ‘’Table’’ capitalized and followed by an Arabic
number shall appear at the centre on top of the table. The legend or descriptive
title of the table shall be centered above the body of the table: Only the
first word and proper names shall begin with capital letters and shall be
underlined. Each table shall have a box, and shall be ruled. Units of
measurement must be clearly indicated in the appropriate column of the table.
Explanatory footnotes to table must be indicated by means of standard footnote
reference marks (*, x, +) placed after words or the numbers to which foot-notes
refer. Footnotes may also be indicated by use of superscript letter (a, b, c,
etc), placed after words or before numbers in the table. The footnotes must
appear below the table on the same page.
HEADING AND FORMAT
Heading in text
(a) Chapter or section Heading
The main chapter
and section heading shall be capitalized and written centrally at the top of
the first page of the chapter. The main chapter or section heading shall not be
underlined.
(b) Sub-headings
These shall not
be capitalized but shall appear towards the left margin and shall not be
underlined. Only the first letters of the first word and proper names shall be
capitalized and the whole sentence should be bold.
Paper,
Typing and Spacing
The paper shall
be of good quality. The size of the paper for project word-processed shall be
A4; the font size shall be 12 except for drawings and maps, on which no
restriction is placed. The margin on each sheet shall not be less than 38mm on
the left-hand side, 13mm on the right, 25mm at the top, and 13mm at the bottom.
The project shall be typed double spaced.
Appendices
This includes
field books, computation sheets, plans etc.
This must be bind together.
Note;- all these field
books, computation sheets, plans etc.
is only applied to practical oriented courses.
